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​Learning a new language is tricky, its more than just memorizing "Tchau" in Portuguese is "Goodbye." Not everything translates this perfectly, however, its much more complicated than that. Aside from learning simple translations, we also must learn how to say the words with the proper accent and pronunciation. In this first chapter, we are going to look at the alphabet and ways the Portuguese letters are pronounced. We are also going to look at simple and essential words and phrases to get started with Portuguese. An important note: letters in the alphabet, pronunciations, and words used in translations may vary from country to country.

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The Portuguese Alphabet

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Knowing the alphabet above will help you to pronounce words in Portuguese better, pay good attention to the pronunciations of the letter below in the chart. Below here are some key pronunciation rules to consider when reading Portuguese. These are not the only rules but they are some of the most drastically different and important rules to consider. Note that it's important to practice with a native speaker and adapt THEIR pronunciations as I've mentioned before, pronunciations can differ from country to country.

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Portuguese Pronunciation Rules

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Letter                                                 English Equivalent                English Example

A                                                          ah                                        Andre, obvious

C                                                          kuh                                      cat, kite

C (before i/e)                                       suh                                       city, center

CH                                                       Sh                                         Chicago

D (before i/e)                                       J                                           fudge

G                                                         guh                                        gas, gain

G (before i/e)                                      J                                             general, generate

H                                                         (silent)                                    ("h" is silent)

I                                                           ee                                          seed, feet

J                                                          juh                                          jet, jog

L (end of syllable)                                U

O                                                         oe                                           ocean, open

R (beginning of word)                         H

Rr                                                        H                                              home, hot

T (before i/e)                                       ch

U                                                         oo                                            food, mood

Y                                                         ee or yuh                                  me, yes

Z                                                         s                                                sit, sat

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Basic Grammar

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Here we are going to learn some basic parts of speech that relate to both Portuguese and English, but we will also look at components unique to Portuguese.

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Sentence Essentials

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Every sentence requires:

1. Subject

2. Verb

3. Terminal Punctuation

4. Complete Thought

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Subject a noun that is performing something in a sentence

Example:

Shaun eats a sandwich.

Shaun is the subject because he is performing an action.

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Subjects can appear as nouns or pronouns.

Noun a person place, thing, idea, or animal

Pronoun a word that replaces a noun

Example:

Shaun eats the sandwich.

He eats the sandwich.

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The same person is a subject in both sentences: "Shaun" and "he." Shaun is a subject noun whereas "he" is a subject pronoun.

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UNIQUE TO PORTUGUESE: although we have some masculine and feminine nouns and pronouns in English (i.e. he, she, prince, princess, etc.), ALL nouns are either masculine or feminine in Portuguese, even inanimate objects. TYPICALLY, nouns that end in "o" are masculine and nouns that end in "a" are feminine. However, not only is that is ALWAYS the case, but not all nouns end in "o" or "a." The real way to know a noun's gender is to know the article associate with it. If its with "o" (the article) the noun is masculine, and its its with "a" its feminine. Object's gender has NOTHING to do with whether its something a male or female uses more frequently.

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UNIQUE TO PORTUGUESE: Portuguese does NOT require a subject in each sentence especially if the subject would be "eu," "voce," or "nós," (more on this in chapter 2).

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Verb an action- something you can do (we will learn more about this in chapter 2)

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Example:

Henry finishes his homework.

"Finishes" is the verb because its an action.

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Terminal Punctuation: marks in sentences that indicate the end of a sentence.

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Spanish does have the same terminal punctuation that English has: "." "!" and "?"

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Finally, the last important attribute to having a proper sentence in a complete thought.

Example:

Jake walks.                    (COMPLETE THOUGHT)

Mark runs to the.         (INCOMPLETE THOUGHT)

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Another essential component would be that the sentence needs to start with a capital letter.

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Other Parts of Speech

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Adjective describes a noun

Example:

The yellow bird eats the small seed.

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UNIQUE TO PORTUGUESE: Portuguese adjectives CAN appear before the noun in its describing however they more commonly appear AFTER the noun.

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Adverb describes how a verb is performed

Example:

Neal spoke calmly to the child.

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Preposition words that introduce words/phrases that share direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships

Example:

He went to the party at his friends house.

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Conjunction word or phrase that connections other words and phrases

Example: 

Maria and Stephanie danced and sang at the party.

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Interjection an abrupt remark

Example:

Stop!

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Plural, Formal, and Number​

 

Before we look at the vocabulary for this chapter, let's look at a few key notations that will be found in the list below. These are in parentheses and are important to understand the phrases and their uses better.

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Formal formal speech is to be used when talking to: 1. someone much older 2. someone in authority above you, i.e. a teacher or boss.

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Familiar familiar (or informal) speech is used when talking to: 1. someone younger or around your age 2. you 2. someone you are close to, like friends or family

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Singular this refers to one person or thing

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Plural this refers to more than one person or thing

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Masculine this refers to male objects or people

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Mixed this refers to more than one person or object but at least one person or object is male

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Feminine this refers to female objects or people

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Articles

 

Articles are essentially articles. There are two basic types of articles which are definite and indefinite. Definite articles refer to something specific. If I say, "Give me THE book." it is implied that I'm talking about a specific book. If I say, "Give me A book." it means that I don't need a specific book, I just need a book in general.

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In English the articles are "a, an, the, some." 'The' can refer to multiple things or one thing; I can the THE book or THE books. I cannot do that for the indefinite article for example "A book" would become "SOME books."

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In Portuguese, articles are dependent on the noun they are modifying. This means if the noun is singular, the article is singular. What is different from Portuguese to English is that nouns can be feminine or masculine and therefore Portuguese articles also need to agree in gender and number to the nouns they modify. Check out the notes below.

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Definite Articles

The

o (ms)

a (fs)

os (mp)

as (fp)

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Indefinite Articles

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A/an

um (ms)

uma (fs)

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Some

uns (mp)

umas (fp)

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Contractions

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Contractions are when you take two words and put them together, usually removing at least one letter. This exists in English but it is rare in Portuguese. Below are contractions in Portuguese.

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Chapter 1 Vocabulary​​​​​​​​

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Conversation Starters

Hello/hi          

How are you?         

I am well.           

And you?                

What's your name?     

My name is...              

Nice to meet you.        

Where are you from?        

I'm from...                                       

The United States         

Good morning           

Good afternoon                         

Good evening/Good night         

See you later!                      

Goodbye                  

Also                       

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Asking for Clarification and Being Polite

I am practicing... 

English                          

Portuguese

I understand.                                

Do you understand me?         

Can you repeat it?                 

More slowly 

Can you translate it?   

Sorry                        

Please                           

Excuse me                   

Yes                                 

No/Not                   

Good job   

Good

Well                 

Thank you                   

Much/A lot                               

You're welcome                    

How do you say…                       

What does... mean?                

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Helpful Words and Phrases

I speak                              

You speak/talk                   

He speaks/talks                 

She speaks/talks                                  

I have                        

You have                          

He has               

She has                               

A question              

I like                               

You like            

The cat                                

The dog                              

The water

The food

There is/there are

Because                          

Of/from                        

And                            

Or                                    

At/to                         

But                             

With                              

Without     

One

Two

Three

Four

Five

Six

Seven

Eight

Nine

Ten                 

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Common Nouns

Young person                 

Old person                   

The boy                      

The girl                            

The man                      

The woman                  

The adult               

The child                 

The son                         

The daughter

The children         

The friend              

The mother             

The father

The parents               

The brother           

The sister       

The cousin          

The husband          

The wife                    

The boyfriend        

The girlfriend         

The aunt              

The uncle                

The nephew          

The niece                  

The grandfather

The grandmother

The grandparents               

The great grandfather

The great grandmother   

The great grandparents   

The grandchild 

The grandchildren    

Sir/Mr.                   

Ma'am/Mrs.  

The people         

The person        

The family        

The store           

The school           

The house    

The restaurant     

The park          

The work/job